|
Agudat Yisrael ((ヘブライ語:אגודת ישראל), lit. ''Union of Israel'', also transliterated ''Agudath Israel'', or ''Agudas Yisroel'') began as the original political party representing the Haredi population of Israel. It was the umbrella party for almost all Haredi Jews in Israel until the 1980s, and before that in the British Mandate of Palestine. It originated in the Agudath Israel movement founded in Upper Silesia in the early 20th century. Since the 1980s, it has become a primarily Hasidic party, though it often combines with the Degel Hatorah non-Hasidic party for elections and coalition-forming. When so combined, they are known together as United Torah Judasim. ==History== When political Zionism began to emerge in the 1890s and recruit supporters in Europe and America, it was opposed by most Orthodox Jews, who believed the Jewish state would emerge from divine intervention. World Agudath Israel was founded in Kattowitz, German Empire, (now Katowice, Poland) in 1912, with the purpose of providing an umbrella organization for observant Jews who opposed the Zionist movement. In Palestine, Agudat Yisrael was established as a branch of this movement, to provide opposition to the organized Jewish community (the "Yishuv"). One of its most authoritative spokesmen against the formation of a Jewish State, the Dutch poet Jacob Israël de Haan, was assassinated by the Haganah in 1924. In the wake of the Holocaust, anti-Zionist rabbis who led Agudat Israel recognized the great utility of a Jewish state, and it became non-Zionist, rather than anti-Zionist. It did not actively participate in the creation of Israel, but it ceased its opposition.〔 In 1933, it entered into an agreement with the Jewish Agency in Palestine, according to which Agudat Yisrael would receive 6.5% of the immigration permits.〔("Agudat Yisrael" ) in Answers.com〕 Eventually, at the eve of the Israeli Declaration of Independence (1948), Agudat Yisrael yielded to pressure from the Zionist movement and has been a participant in most governments since that time.〔(Aguddat Israel ) in Jewish Virtual Library〕 The movement realized the benefits of more active participation in politics over time and agreed to become a coalition partner in several Israeli governments. However, its original reservations about a secular government influenced its decision to refuse cabinet positions.〔 Agudat Yisrael originally had a mix of Hasidic and "Litvish" (Lithuanian-style Haredi) membership. However, in the 1980s, Rabbi Elazar Shach, leader of Israel's Litvish community and their pre-eminent rosh yeshiva ("yeshiva dean"), split from the party. He created the new Degel HaTorah ("Flag of the Torah") party. Most of the Litvish community left Agudah to join Degel leaving Agudah with primarily Hasidic Jews. Rabbi Shach had earlier assisted Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef in splitting from Agudah to crate a Sephardic Haredi party known as Shas. Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah have not always agreed with each other about policy matters; however, over the years the two parties have co-operated and united as a voting bloc in order to win the maximum amount of seats in the Knesset since many extra votes can be wasted if certain thresholds are not attained under Israel's proportional representation parliamentary system. The two parties chose to function and be listed under the name of United Torah Judaism (''Yahadut HaTorah''). When both parties joined the government coalition of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in 2004 the UTJ union was broken due to rivalries. For the Israel legislative election, 2006 Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah once again put their differences aside and have officially revived their United Torah Judaism alliance in order to win the maximum amount of seats in the 17th Knesset. Though Agudat Yisrael has never elected more than a handful of members in the Knesset, it has often played crucial roles in the formation of Israel's coalition governments because Israel's system of proportional representation allows small parties to wield the balance of power between the larger secular parties. This political leverage has been used to obtain funding for yeshivas and community institutions, to obtain a de facto exemption for Yeshiva students from military service and to pass legislation regarding observance of the Shabbat and kosher ("dietary") laws, often to the consternation of secular Israelis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Agudat Yisrael」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|